Penyakit Autoimun : Bagian 1 "Rematik".

Assalamu'alaikum teman-teman.

Penulis kali ini mendapat request atau permintaan judul nih, dari sahabat penulis. semoga Novia Rahmi Putri, yang sedang kuliah di FK USK sana dapat mengerti apa yang penulis tuliskan di blog sederhana ini. hehe
Oh iya, ini juga alasan penulis memakai bahasa Indonesia, supaya memudahkan dibaca. dan sekali-sekali kan tidak apa. hmmm :)

Sudah sejak lama penulis tidak menulis kembali, keinginan menulis yang menggebu-gebu, sehingga, penulis ingin kembali berbagi ilmu dengan pembaca sekalian. semoga berkenan dengan artikel ringan kali ini  yang akan membahas tentang Rematik.

Ilustrasi penyakit rematik.

Ada banya jenis rematik, lebih dari 100. Namun, jika ditinjau dari tempat terjadinya atau lokasi, maka aka nada dua lokasi. Arematik artikuler dan rematik non artikuler. Rematik artiuler adalah rematik yang berada di persendian, gangguan rematik yang disebut juga radang sendi, diataranya meliputi artritits rheumatoid, osteoarthritis, dan gout artritis. Sedangkan rematik nonartikuler atau ekstra artikuler, yaitu gangguan rematik yang disebabkan oleh proses diluar dari sendi, seperti bursitis, fibrositis, back pain, dan sciantika. Penderita rematik nonartikuler jauh lebih banyak daripada penderita rematik artikuler.

Beriku beberapa jenis rematik.

1.       Rematik artikuler (artritis)

Ilustrasi dari penyakit Rematik Artritis (kiri) dan Osteoartritis (kanan).

a.       Osteoartritis (OA)

OA ini adalah bentuk gangguana artritis umum. Sering terjadi pada usia lanjut dan pada berat badan berlebih. Karena itu penayakit ini disebut penyakit degenerative, yaitu penyakit yang terjadi selama perlahan-lahan selama beberapa waktu.

Kerusakan yang terjadi pada penyakit OA ini adalah pengapuran yang merusak kartilago atau tulang rawan sehingga terbentuk tulang baru, namun yang terbentuk adalah tulang keras. Hal ini menyebabkan nyeri yang amat sangat ketika pasien atau penderita OA berjalan atau melakukan aktivitas. OA sering kali menyerang sendi yang menopang berat badan seperti sendipinggul, pinggang bawah, paha, lutut, dan sendi ibu jari kaki. Meskipun tidak menutup kemungkinan menyerang sendi lain seperti jari tangan, leher, dan lain-lain.

Penyebab OA ini sampai saat ini belum diketahui secara pasti, namun banyak dihubungkan dengan usia yang bertambah.

b.      Artritis Reumatoid

Merupakan sebuah pembengkakan pada jaringan ikat. Paling sering terjadi di persendian kaki dan tangan. Dan paling sering terjadi pada usia 30-50 tahun dengan jenis kelamin wanita hampir 3 kali lipat dari pria. Dan penyakit ini bersifat kambuhan, sewaktu-waktu dapat kambuh dengan sendirinya.

Penyebab dari artritis rheumatoid ini tidak diketahui secara pasti. Namun diduga penyebab utamanya karena gangguan autoimunitas dan berhubungan juga dengan factor infeksi, genetis, dan endokrin.

Gejala dari penyakit ini pada awalnya tidak khusus, seperti tidak enak badan, rasa dingin di kaki dan tangan, demam ringan, tidak nafsu makan, berat badan turun, serta kekakuan umum dan nyeri pada persendian. Secara umum gambarannya adalah nyeri berkepanjangan, bengkak, sendi berwarna merah, terasa panas jika disentuh, dan terasa kaku saat penderita bangun di pagi hari, dan juga membengkak. Gejala lainnya, mungkin muncul nodul rheumatoid, yaitu massa berbentuk bundar atau oval yang tidak lunak dibawah kulit.

Parahnya artritis ini adalah memerlukan pengobatan seumur hidup, dan merupakan jenis artritis yang paling serius karena dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sendi yang berat dan menyebabkan kelumpuhan serta komplikasi seperti pericarditis, radang mata, osteoporosis, dan lesi pada paru-paru.

c.       Gout artritis

Penyakit GA ini lebih dikenal dengan istilah penyakit asam urat. Merupakan jenis penyakit rematik yang paling popular di Indonesia.

Penyebab dari penyakit ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh pola makan yang tidak sehat.

2.       Rematik ekstra artikuler (nonartritis)

a.       Bursitis

Merupakan jenis peradangan bursa yang menimbulkan rasa sakit pada satu atau lebih kantong yang berisi cairan penutup dan pelindung ujung tulang. Bursa berfungsi sebagai bantalan antar tulang, otot, dan tali otot. Daerah yang sering terkena, biasanya bagian bawah seperti otot bahu, siku, sendi piinggul, dan tumit.

Bursitis bisa terjadi karena luka kambuh pada sendi atau akibat gangguan radang sendi. Gejalanya beragam, pada umumnya akumulasi cairan pada bursa menyebabkan iritasi, radang, bengkak, dan sakit mendadak, nyeri ketika disentuh, dan terbatasnya gerakan sendi yang terkena.

b.      Tendinitis

Adalah peradangan tendon dan penempelan otot ke tulang. Tendon (tali otot atau urat) adalah penghubung otot dan tulang. Penyebabnya karena urat yang terkilir diakibatkan gerakan yang berlebihan. Umumnya, tendinitis terjadi di bahu, pinggul, urat lutut. Rasa sakit aka nada jika digerakkan, dan akan memburuk pada malam hari karena akumulasi cairan menyebabkan bengkak.

c.       Sindrom carpal tunnel

Merupakan suatu keadaan yang menunjukkan adanya saraf pergelangan tangan yang terjepit sehingga memengaruhi fungsi tangan. Gangguan ini ditandai dengan salah satu atau kedua tangan terasa lemah, sakit, panas, gatal, atau mati rasa. Hal tersebut memengaruhi jari tangan sehingga tangan susah dikepalkan, kuku jari terlihat pucat, dan gejala terseut akan memburuk pada pagi atau malam hari.

d.      Tennis elbow (siku tennis)

Umumnya terjadi karena urat-urat pada siku tulang hasta berkali-kali mengalami tarikan. Sehingga terjadi peradangan pada bagian ekstensor larpi radialis yang dikenal sebagai entesitis apad siku tulang hasta. Penekukan tangan ke belakang di sendi pergelangan tangan dapat menimbulkan nyeri gerak. Sering terjadi pada pemain tenis, atau aktivitas yang menuntut genggaman kuat atau adanya rotasi yang erulang-ulang pada lengan bawah.

e.      Frozen shoulder

Prinsipnya sama saja, yaitu peradangan yang terjadi pada sendi bahu, ahirnya mengakibatkan kekakuan atau kesulitan menggerakkan.

f.        Fibrositis

Peradangan pada jaringan fibrous, terutama pada daerah leher, bahu dan punggung bagian atas. Penyebabnya karena degenerasi kartilag, ataupun karena cidera maupun trauma. Namun dapat juga disebabkan karena kelelahan. Fibrosis sering dijumpai pada usia lanjut, terutama pada wanita.

g.       Fibromyalgia

Jenis rematik ini disebabkan adanya proses peradangan di otot. Ditandai dengan nyeri otot di seluruh tubuh, kekakuan, dan kelelahan kronis. Gejala disebabkan karena kurang tidur terus menerus, dapat disertai jantung berdebar-debar, kecemasan dan gangguan lambung. Penyakit ini dapat menyerang semua usia. Sering ditemukan pada wanita usia 20-30 tahun.

h.      Trigger finger

Disebut juga jari pelatuk. Gangguan nya ada di pembungkus tendon jari-jari yang mengalami inflamasi. Sehingga menyebabkan cairan di bagian synovial berkurang, dan terjadi perlengketan antar tendon dan jaringan yang membungkusnya. Sehingga ketika jari-jari dipakasa diluruskan, akan terdengan bunyi ‘klek’ disertai nyeri. Gerakan jari akan semakin kaku, dan terutama jika malam hari.

i.         Brakhialgia rematoid

Nyeri di lengan akibat reaksi rematik. Dapat mejalar ke bagian leher juga, yang nanti muncul istilah cervico brachialgia.

j.        Sakit pinggang

Keluahan yang sangat umum dan sering terjadi. Penyakit ini terjadi pada otot-otot pinggang. Pada posisi apapun, otot-otot di tulang belakang atau tulang punggung akan terus bekerja keras untuk memertahankan posisi keseimbangan tubuh. Sehingga ketika degenerative terjadi karena pertambahan usia, hal ini akan menimbulkan sakit di bagian pinggang. Jika terjadi sementara waktu disebut sakit pinggang akut, jika terjadi dalam waktu yang lama diseut sakit pinggang kronis.

Sakit pinggang dapat di pegaruhi oleh beberapa hal, paling sering akibat sikap tubuh yang salah pada waktu bekerja, kelelahan, tegangan pada punggung, kerja yang belebihan , dan posisi duduk atau bentuk kursi yang kurang baik. Penyebab lain, adalah penyakit yang menyebabkan sakit pinggang, seperti kegemukan, batu ginjal, dan lain-lain.

k.       Sciantika (sciantica)

Penyakit tekanan pada saraf oleh diskus intervertebralis yang robek dan menonjol keluar dari sumsum tulang belakang atau karena ruas punggung yang bergeser (slipper disk)

Gejalanya banyak disertai dengan rasa kesemutan didaerah kaki. Ditandai juga dengan rasa sakit dari punggung bawah atau bokong dan menjalar ke sepanjang saraf sciatik.

Pemeriksaan penyakit rematik ini adalah dengan Antinuclear antibody (ANA).

Pencegahan lebih baik dari mengobati. Karena itu mari kita membahas mengenai pencegahan dari penyakit rematik ini. Adalah mengubah gaya hidup, seperti jangan terlalu banyak mengonsumsi kacang hijau (salah satu pemicu naiknya kadar asam urat), daging sapid an sosis daging juga. Paling penting, adalah menghindari makanan yang dapat berpotensi meningkatkan kadar asam urat di dalam darah.

Daftar Pustaka

-Adi, Lukas Tersono.2006.Tanaman Obat & Jus untuk Asam Urat & Rematik.Tanggerang:PT AgroMedia Pustaka

-Wijayakusuma, Hembing.2007.Atasi Rematik dan Asam Urat Ala Hembing.Jakarta:Puspa Swara

-Wallace, Daniel J.2005.THE LUPUS BOOK.Yogyakarta:B-First

Obesity , Does this Include You ?

Obesity

Assalamu'alaikum.
Hi friend... now we will talk about, Obesity.

Overview about obesity.

Obesity is a problem of excess nutrients that are now more often aesthetically and found throughout dunia.Obesitas in children is a consequence of calorie intake that exceeds the amount of calories that are released or burned through metabolic processes in the body .

Obesity can be assessed through a variety of methods or techniques of examination. one of which is a measurement of body mass index , or Body Mass Index ( BMI ) .BMI measured by dividing weight ( kg ) by the square of height ( m ) . the value of the results will be adjusted according to the required curve , corresponding gender and age of the child . Although the use of BMI , but not BMI can be used to athletes and bodybuilders .

Obesity is a pathological condition , usually there is an excessive accumulation of fat than is necessary for normal body function . however , many opinions in the Community that a fat child is healthy , but it is wrong .

Obesity should be found clinical symptoms of obesity can be checked using anthropometric will look much above normal . classification of the clinical symptoms of obesity is divided into :

1. obesity (simple obesity )

Symptoms of obesity , but without hormonal disorders / mental / physical . This happens due to obesity nutritional factors .

2. Special forms of obesity

a. endocrine disorders , the most common is chusing syndrome .

b . Somatodismorfik disorder , Prader-Willi syndrome , syndrome summit and carpenter , and others .

c . Abnormalities of the hypothalamus , which will affect the appetite and lead to obesity . and due to others.

Obesity risk

Obesity may increase mortality ( mortality ) a person with a life-threatening chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular disease , gall bladder , and the hormone sensitivity of gastric cancer . Risk is also increased in conditions that are not fatal as back pain , arthritis , infertility , and psychosocial disorders 

Governance

Weight loss strategy should be to modify diet, physical activity, habits and avoid stress. The recommended diet is to eat in moderation, reduce the consumption of eating food containing carbohydrates and fats. Approximately carbohydrates consumed 55-65% of the total energy. Fruits, grains and vegetables propagated, and reduce the consumption of alcohol.

One factor that is important for weight loss program is to increase daily physical activity. Physical activity is recommended for obesity is not too strenuous activity such as walking and going up and down stairs. Activities that low to moderate intensity is highly recommended

-Brisk walking on a flat surface Jogging

-Low surface Cycling Cycling climb

-Gardening-planting trees, cutting branches Cutting wood

-Painting Mopping floors

-Swim window cleaning

-Fishing Play ball

-Playing Badminton Basketball

-Golf 

-walking and carrying a stick

If already implementing lifestyle changes above, but it still does not work, can consult your doctor for the treatment of drugs and other actions (operations).

An important indicator for the doctor to give medicines are:

Another method of weight reduction is not successful

Body mass index (BMI) over 27 and have medical complications of obesity, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or sleep apnea.

Your BMI is more than 30

The prescription drugs that have been authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for long-term treatment of obesity. Yes It Is;

Sibutramine. These drugs alter innervation in your brain, which makes you feel full faster. Side effects of these drugs increase blood pressure, headache, dry mouth, constipation and insomnia.

Orlistat (Xenical). The workings of this drug is to prevent the absorption of fat in your gut. Unabsorbed fat will be discharged with the stool. Side effects that arises is an increase in bowel movements. Because this drug will also absorb the nutrients in addition to fat, your doctor will suggest to take multivitamins.

If you've done the above management but to no avail, then governance surgery may be an option. Operation think if;

Body mass index (BMI) of 40 or more you

Your BMI of 35 to 39.9 and you have other related complications such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

Gastric bypass surgery, which will change the anatomy of the digestive tract to control the entry of the food you eat. The surgeon will make a pouch in the upper part of the stomach that will be connected to the small intestine. So the food intake, straight to the bag and directly into the small intestine. Gastric will still issue a liquid to help destroy the food. This action can cause side effects such as pneumonia, blood clots and infection can occur. Losing weight too fast will result in gallstone, hernia (the abattoir). Gastric bypass can also cause dumping syndrome, a condition in which stomach contents too quickly into the small intestine, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness and sweating.

So how friends ? whether it is a little to understand what it is obesity ? authors hope , yes . I hope we stay healthy , and have the time , so that the author can write back and we can share knowledge . And , do not forget to comment..

see you.. :)

Wassalamu'alaikum.

Bibliography

-Soetjiningsih.1995.Tumbuh Kembang Anak.Jakarta:EGC

-Wahyu, Genis Ginanjar.2007.Obesitas Pada Anak.Jakarta:B-First

Disease : About Bronkiektasis

Bronchiectasis






Definition : bronchial dilatation permanent damage anatomical /
structural walls of the bronchial lumen .






pathology






pathogenesis Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis occurs due to hypersecretion of mucus causes dilation of the bronchi .

 



Overview of Bronchiectasis


Variations widening (from top to bottom)





a. tubular

b . Sakuler

c . Varicose

 

Clinical manifestations or clinical symptoms:

 

-cough Chronic productive , with a lot of phlegm . Until plated 3. With the order from the top :

1. Froth

2. Saliva / clear liquid

3. Pus / Deposition

 

-hemoptisis ( if A. bronchi / bronchioles torn )

 

-Asthenia ( Causes anorexia )

 

-Fever >  hot body from infections .

 

-Gasping breath >  necessarily because of obstruction

 

-FoetorExOre / Breath smelled >  anaerobic .

 

Physical Signs

 

-Less Nutrition and anemic

 

-Dyspneu Accompanied by cyanosis

 

-Ronki Wet in peripheral lobe below

 

-Sign of pneumonia

Chills fever ( > 40 C )

* Cough with mucoid sputum , sometimes accompanied by blood

* Hard to breathe

* Pain on the sick.

 

 pneumonia widening its increasingly obvious PF .

 

* Inspection > lung motion sickness lagging

 

* Movement > lung palpation pain left behind

 

* Percussion > become dim

 

* Auscultation of breath sounds > bronkiovaskuler wet crackles sometimes accompanied > due to fluid / mucus .

Lungs , The Largest Organ in The Human Body

Assalamu’alaikum.

Good morning everyone, sorry DS wrote the article the early morning like today. This is due to the busyness of the DS as a student, entrepreneur, and teachers teach, which makes the DS back should ignore in writing articles. Again and again. However, inshaAllah every article written DS will remain continuous and sustainable benefit.

Furthermore, for the first, we will discuss the lungs.

Lungs.

The lungs are the largest organ of our body, lungs beat skin which occupies the second position as the largest organ, with an area of ​​40 m2. 40 m2 for air exchange. can we imagine an area of ​​the field, right?

The upper limit of the lung itself (the apex of the lung) reach the sternal end of the 1st rib. At the bottom of the borders with diaphragms. And are covered by a rib that wraps from the lung itself. Being the center bordered by mediastinal, which contains the heart, esophagus, and so on.

The structure of the lung itself is divided into lobes. In the right lung, consisting of three lobes, the upper lobe, middle, and bottom are separated by fissures oblique and horizontal fissures. Whereas the left lung has only oblique fissure that does not have a middle lobe. On the part of the left upper lobe, there is a section called lingual.

Structure and out of the lungs through the pulmonary hilum, which veiled by pleural air bag loose. Moderate bleeding system through the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. Through the lymphatic drainage of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes and headed to the lymph trunks. Medium persarafannya, there is only the parietal pleura, bronchi (if bronchi) are supplied by the pulmonary plexus, a collection of pulmonary nerves.

Respiratory mechanism

Human respiratory distinguished on the chest breathing and abdominal breathing . Breathing chest and abdominal breathing occurs through the inspiratory and expiratory phases .

1. Chest Breathing Mechanism

a. Inspiration Phase chest breathing

Chest breathing inspiration mechanism as follows :

The muscles between the ribs ( muscular external intercostalis ) contract - > raised ribs ( flat position ) - > lungs inflate - > air pressure in the lungs become smaller than the outside air pressure - > outside air into the lungs

b . Expiratory phase of breathing chest

Expiratory abdominal breathing mechanism is as follows :

Relaxation of the muscles between the ribs - > rib decreases - > lungs shrink - > air pressure in the lungs is greater than the outside air pressure - > air out of the lungs .

2. Abdominal Breathing Mechanism

a. Abdominal breathing inspiration phase

Abdominal breathing inspiration mechanism as follows:

diaphragm (diafraghma) contract -> position of the curved into a flat -> lungs inflate -> air pressure in the lung is smaller than the outside air pressure -> incoming air

b. Expiratory phase abdominal breathing

Expiratory abdominal breathing mechanism as follows:

diafraghma muscle relaxation -> position of the horizontal curved back -> lungs deflate -> air pressure in the lungs more Besas than the outside air pressure -> air out of the lungs.

Well, at the time of the expiratory phase, and there he came out CO2 and H2O which is a residual substance from expiratory system. And the incoming O2, we can perform the activity, because ATP is burned into energy for the cell activity in our bodies.

Don't Forget to Breath. :)

It was nice to be able to explain, although not detailed, but it may at least give you an idea about the largest organ in our body.

Stay healthy, keep reading, keep monitoring Blog is full of science. Remain with DS. Because science is the diversity of life.

Wassalamu’alaikum.

Sources :

-Faiz, Omar dan David Moffat.2003.At a Glance Series ANATOMI.Jakarta:Erlangga

-Suryo, Joko.2010.Herbal Penyembuh Gangguan Sistem Pernapasan.Yogyakarta:B First

-Evelyn C, Pearce. (2009). Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Paramedis. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama

System Excretion in Humans (Part 2).

Assalamu’alaikum.

Happy Tuesday!

We will continue our discussion about yesterday about the excretory system in humans . tingga two organs of the four organs which we will discuss in this article .

3. skin

The skin is the outer portion of the body surface. Serves as a sensory tool, tool expenses, and the body's thermostat. Well, of course we are here to discuss the function of the skin as a means of spending, which is probably also a little later will connect as thermostat and body protection tool.

The structure of skin consists of three main layers, namely: the epidermis or epidermis, dermis cuticle, endo dermis contains fat reserves.

The epidermis : This is a brief of the epidermis is as follows . The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium , with beberpa layer visible . The main cells called keratinocytes . Which is the result of cell division in the deepest layer of the epidermis , which continues to grow to the outside , and then experienced the so-called terminal differentiation and forming cells of the surface layer ( stratum corneum ) .

The dermis is the layer of connective tissue just below the epidermis , and is the largest area of the skin . Overview of the dermis itself is like a woven fiber interlocking , consisting mostly of collagen fibers , and also by the elastin fibers . These fibers that make the dermis very strong and elastic , and is also very strong .

In this part of the skin structure important function is the dermis. Where in this section was the one that serves as excretion. For example: when friends do exercise, body temperature will rise, will make the blood vessels in the capillary expands, so will be more blood flow there. Thus making reddening of the skin. In addition, the sweat will be issued as a balancing of blood flow much earlier, then sweat it evaporated, well here's body temperature will drop.

The above process is also the lead after sweating we will feel thirsty.

4. Kidneys

In the human version, the kidney is the main excretory organ. Is the heaviest organ works to dispose of waste materials and regulate the balance of substances from the body.

Kidney shape itself as a big red beans. There are 2 kidneys or kidney pair, on the right and left upper abdomen of the human back. If split longitudinally, it will show the outside of the kidney (cortex) and the inside (the medulla, and the cavities of the kidney (pelvis).

Systems that work here is almost entirely carried out by the nephron. Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. One kidney is composed of approximately one million nephrons.

Nephron consists of several parts, consisting of Bowman's capsule (which contained the glomerulus), proximal tubule, distal tubule and loop of Henle.

Some role in the renal excretion process are:

a. Secrete waste products, for example urea, uric acid, creatinine, keratin, and other substances that are toxic to our bodies.

b. Regulate blood plasma volume and the amount of water in the body.

c. Set the osmotic pressure in the blood, so that the body does not lose important salts in electrolyte balance.

d. PH acidity regulate levels in plasma or blood and body fluids. With secrete urine acidic or alkaline.

In the kidney, a process that is important for the excretion process of filtration, reabsorption, and augmentation so that later formed the urine and will be removed from the body.

In short we will discuss with the arrow diagram. Is as follows:

--> blood leading to glomerular filtration process --> undergo primary urine (urinary free blood cells and proteins) --> into the proximal tubule and Henle reabsorption --> occur (the re-absorption of glucose, amino acids, salts) --> secondary urine flow to the distal tubule --> augmentation process occurs addition of substances that are not needed --> addition of urea and certain substances -->  actual urine.

Finally we can finish from one system of the human body . Alhamdulillah . Exciting is not it? Of course we'll discuss further , regarding each of the organs which I have described in the excretory system and parts of two parts one .

Hopefully friends all could get benefit . DS apologize if there are errors in the writing . And if there is criticism or suggestions are very DS waiting in the comments field . Stay healthy , keep the spirit so that we can continue to learn about the science of this variety .

Wassalamu’alaikum.

Sources :

-Abdullah, Kirajuddin, dkk.2007.IPA TERPADU SMP dan MTs Jilid 3A untuk Kelas IX Semester 1.Jakarta:Erlangga

-Aryulina, Diah, dkk.2006.Biologi SMA dan MA untuk Kelas XI.Jakarta:Erlangga

-Djoko, Arisworo, dkk.2006.IPA Terpadu (Biologi, Kimia, Fisika).Jakarta:Grafindo Media Pratama

-Furqonita, Deswanty. 2007.Seri 3 BIOLOGI SMP kelas IX.Jakarta:Yudhistira

-Graham-Brown, Robin.2005.Dermatologi : Catat Kuliah.Jakarta:Erlangga

System Excretion in Humans (Part 1).

Assalamu'alaikum.

Welcome Friends.

If all my friends already had studied the respiratory system and digestive system. Well, the end result is a residual substances such as feces and CO2 if it is too long or too many accumulate in the body can disrupt the balance in the body, and the edges will cause your body to become ill .

Excretory System willbe discussed, its is important to understand the process of spending substances resulting from the respiratory and digestive systems. Therefore, let us begin to discuss one by one.

Definition

The system itself is derived from the Latin ( Systema ) and Greek ( Sustema ) is a unit consisting of components or elements that are connected together in order to facilitate the flow of energy, information, materials to achieve a goal.

Excretion itself is spending the metabolic waste products from the body through certain organs.

So we can conclude excretory system is a system that mengatuh material balance, energy present in our body by focusing on spending the rest of the substances that are not used anymore. Both may have been too much so, in simple excretory system is the system that regulates spending the rest of the substances that exist in our bodies.

Organ Excretion

Excretory organs are organs that make up the excretory system itself. There are four organs that compose and to his 4 is very important for our body. Four organs are the lungs, liver, skin, and kidney. Well, we start in this order, okay. But, of the four organs of excretion which we will discuss or DS discussed at this time, we will discuss two first organ, which is a vital organ in our body. 

1. Lungs

Lung 2 pieces or pair, there in the chest cavity in our bodies, right and left. Separated by the mediastinum and limited ribs I ( Os. Costae I) to diagfragmatika. The right part of the lung consists of three lobes and the left side of the two lobes.

The main function of the lung, is a breathing apparatus. But in this case the rest of the lung will secrete substances metabolism, namely carbon dioxide ( CO2 ).

CO2 and H2O are substances residual respiratory metabolism, blood from the tissue, then into the left side of the heart, and then pumped to the lungs. In the lungs was , or rather in that alveolus CO2 and H2O which are waste products are removed and replaced with O2 and back into the left side of the heart and is pumped throughout the body to meet their energy needs.

More will be discussed in subsequent articles.

2. The Liver

The liver is located on the right side of the abdominal cavity in normal circumstances. There under diagfragmatika.

The liver produces bile. Because the liver into the excretory organs in the human body. Bile itself is a metabolic waste products, composed of water, bile salts, bile acids, cholesterol, bile dye, and other substances. The liver also be a revamp of the old hemoglobin, is certainly very nice. Where if hemoglobin is old, then he is not functioning optimally. Once overhauled, formed bilirubin. Bilirubin and bile was issued jointly into the intestine, in the intestine bilirubin is broken down into sterkoblin, and urobilin. Sterkobilin color stool or feces. Urobilin urine color .

If there is a disruption of the formation and distribution, it usually will happen buildup of bilirubin in the blood and the absence in the feces. Will cause the color of urine or stool white / brown, and yellowish skin color. Often called jaundice.

More will be discussed in subsequent articles 

Well, how the two organs explanation was that? quite obviously not. Two other organs, will be discussed in chapter DS after this. in order to make friends curious .

That is all and thank you.

Sources : 

-Abdullah, Kirajuddin, dkk.2007.IPA TERPADU SMP dan MTs
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-Aryulina, Diah, dkk.2006.Biologi SMA dan MA untuk Kelas
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-Djoko, Arisworo, dkk.2006.IPA Terpadu (Biologi,
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-Furqonita, Deswanty. 2007.Seri 3 BIOLOGI SMP kelas IX.Jakarta:Yudhistira

Wassalamu’aliakum.